DOWN HISTORY AND MAINTENANCE OF QURAN

1. DEFINITION OF AL-QURAN

        Qur'an of the language comes from qara'a yaqra'u qar'an which means collecting.

according to the terms, al-Qur'an is a Book revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. Which was written in the manuscripts and narrated by mutawatir, at the start of the letter of al-Fatihah in the end by an-nas and those who read it to get the reward.

2. DEFINITIONS NUZUL AL-QURAN AND PHASES DOWN

        Nuzul quran is the process of decline in the Qur'an to the prophet Muhammad. Period happened happened 22 years 2 months and 22 days. According Subhi al-Salih, al-Qur'an down to the prophet of Allah.

  Through three stages are

1. Al-Qur'an down at once from the gods to lawh al-mahfuz.

2. Get off of lawh al-mahfuz to bait- al izzah.

3. Al Quran was sent down from al-izzah into the heart of the Holy Prophet.

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3.  AL-QURAN WISDOM IN LOWER GRADUALLY

       Quran on stage to 3 drops gradually. Hikmat al-Qur'an was sent down gradually in between for:

A. Made his heart prophet of Allah.

B. Facilitate prophet memorized

C. Menenguhkan and entertaining Muslims who live in the time of the prophet of Allah

D. Provide an opportunity for people of Islam to Islamic tradition menninggalkan

Against E. and weaken the opponents of the Qur'an

F. Following each event and do phasing in determining the correct Aqeedah.

G. Prove that the Qur'an came down from Allah Almighty, the Most Wise.

4. MAINTENANCE OF AL-QURAN DURING THE PROPHET SAW

       Maintenance quran recitation is done through speech and writing. Prophet memorize al-qu'an which was sent down to him, and he burned them in front of the companions. Then, a friend memorize verses conveyed by the Prophet. To maintain the Qur'an, the Prophet. Also told al-Quran to be written. He lifted the authors revelation of Qur'an from termuka companions companions, such as fuel ash, umar, Ustman, ali, Ubay ibn Ka'b, and zaid ibn Thabit.

5. MAINTENANCE AL-QURAN DURING KHALIFAH RASHIDIN

       Maintenance history Quran are quite popular in the past khulafa al Rasyidin occurred in two periods khalifa leadership, namely fuel and ash caliph caliph Uthman ibn Affan. At the time of the caliph du others, namely Umar ibn al-Khattab and Ali ibn Abi Talib, the historian noted undiscovered maintenance process Qur'an is considered special as during the second caliph another.

        Qur'an entirely completed on time of the Prophet was alive, only the verses and letters are still separate. The first person to collect the Qur'an at the will of the Prophet was Abu Bakr As-Siddiq danUtsman bin Affan. Writing the Koran is not a new problem because the Prophet had ordered penulisanya, when it was still scattered in various vellum, leaves, bones of camels and palm fronds. Then collected by a friend, and then tied with a rope so that nothing is lost. In the khulafa al-Rasyidin many memorizers of the Qur'an fall in the war Yamamah.

a. The period of Caliph Abu Bakr

After the death of the Prophet and Abu Bakr was appointed Caliph, there was defiance against caliphs ie zakat restraint group, heretics and groups of stiffeners into the Prophet (Al-Mutanabbi`un) among Musaylima Al-Kadzab. Three dissident group is then crushed caliph to send troops under the command of Khalid bin walid in the year 12 Hijri in Yamamah causing massive sacrifice among the companions of Al-Qur`an penghafal (huffazh), which reached more than 70 people friends.

Based on this, the Caliph Umar suggested to Abu Bakr to the verses of Al-Qur`an compiled and recorded in a book or the book, fearing the loss of most of Al-Qur`an with the death of most of the memorizers.

Umar tried to convince him that his idea was quite good and feasible, then God opened the door of the heart of Abu Bakr that he accepted the proposal Umar and he finally ordered Zaid bin Thabit to immediately collect it into a codex.

b. The Period of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan

Caliph Uthman decided to put the writing of the Koran in the Manuscripts by reason of the unity of Muslims. Based on some of the history, different ways of reading the Qur'an at that time already caused Muslims to blame each other and at the end of a dispute between them. A history explained that the differences in reading al quran is seen during a meeting of the army of Islam coming from Iraq and Syria. Those who came from Sham (Syria) to follow qiraat Ubai bin Ka'b, while those coming from Iraq read in accordance with qiraat ibn masud. Among them are also being followed qiraat abu musa al Asyari. Each party feels that its qiraat better than others. Another narration issued from the ashes qulabah explained that at the time of Caliph Uthman, a teacher teaches qiraat other figures. Children meet and broken to pieces. This issue came to the teacher each who eventually mengafirkan each other.

6. COMPLETION OF MAINTENANCE QUR’AN AFTER THE CALIPH AL RASYIDIN.

       In the Ottoman Manuscripts, there are no vowel and a dot. After a lot of non-Arab people embracing Islam, they find it difficult to read manuscripts that are not berharkat and dotted it. At the time of Caliph Abdul Malik (685- 705), the incompleteness of this codex was understandable leading Muslim scholars at the time. Therefore, improvement began. Two figures who contributed in this case is Ubaidullah ibn Ziyad (w.67 H) and Hajaj bin Yusuf ats- Thaqlf (d. 95H). Ibn Ziyad ordered a man reported from Persia to put alif lieu of the letters are discarded. For example, writing qaalaf and kaanat replaced with qalaf and Kanat. As for al Hajjaj make enhancements to the Ottoman Manuscripts at eleven places that make it easier to read manuscripts.

       Uoaya improvement does not take place all at once, but gradually and carried out by every generation until the third century AH (or the end of the ninth century AD) when the Ottoman Manuscripts refinement process is completed. Also recorded three names which is described as the man who first put a dot in the Ottoman Manuscripts. The three are abu al aswad ad dauli, Yahya bin ya'mar and Nasr bin Asim al Layth (w.89 H). The person who is described first laid glottal, shadda, al raum, and al isymam is Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi al Azdi known as ash abdurrahman (d. 175 H)